A service dog is an assistance animal specifically trained to perform tasks that help individuals with disabilities in their daily lives. These highly trained dogs can provide support across various types of disabilities, including physical, sensory, psychiatric, and neurological conditions.

Service dogs can perform a wide range of tasks tailored to the needs of their handlers. These tasks may include but are not limited to, retrieving items, opening doors, providing stability or balance, alerting to sounds, guiding individuals with visual impairments, and responding to medical emergencies.

Service dogs are recognized and protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), allowing them to accompany their handlers in various public spaces where pets are typically not permitted. This includes restaurants, stores, public transportation, and workplaces.

The presence of a service dog can significantly enhance the independence, safety, and overall quality of life for individuals with disabilities. These remarkable animals provide invaluable assistance and companionship, helping their handlers navigate the challenges of everyday life with greater ease and confidence.

The Different Types of Service Dogs

Service dogs play a crucial role in assisting individuals with various disabilities, and there are several specialized types tailored to meet specific needs, including psychiatric service dogs, guide dogs, mobility assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and diabetic alert dogs.

• Psychiatric Service Dogs: These dogs are trained to assist individuals with psychiatric disabilities such as PTSD, anxiety disorders, depression, and bipolar disorder. They can provide support by performing tasks such as interrupting self-harming behaviors, providing deep pressure therapy during anxiety or panic attacks, and retrieving medication during episodes.
• Guide Dogs: Also known as seeing-eye dogs, guide dogs are trained to assist individuals who are blind or visually impaired in navigating their environment safely. They help their handlers avoid obstacles, navigate traffic, and find landmarks or destinations, enabling greater independence and mobility.
• Mobility Assistance Dogs: These dogs are trained to assist individuals with physical disabilities by providing support with tasks such as retrieving dropped items, opening doors, turning on lights, and providing stability or balance while walking or standing. They can be particularly beneficial for individuals with conditions that affect their mobility, such as arthritis, spinal cord injuries, or muscular dystrophy.
• Hearing Dogs: Hearing dogs are trained to assist individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing by alerting them to important sounds in their environment, such as doorbells, smoke alarms, or approaching vehicles. They can also provide emotional support and companionship, helping to mitigate feelings of isolation or anxiety related to hearing loss.
• Diabetic Alert Dogs: These dogs are trained to detect changes in their handler's blood sugar levels and alert them to potentially dangerous fluctuations, particularly in individuals with diabetes. They can provide early warning signs of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), allowing their handlers to take prompt action to manage their condition and prevent medical emergencies.

Go Deeper

How to Get a Psychiatric Service Dog (PSD)

To get a psychiatric service dog you must meet certain criteria. Start by consulting with a licensed mental health professional (LMHP) to assess your eligibility and determine if a psychiatric service dog is appropriate.

What Makes a Good Service Dog Breed?

When selecting a breed for service dog training, several factors contribute to determining suitability:

• Trainability: A good service dog breed should be highly trainable, and able to learn and reliably perform tasks consistently.
• Temperament: Dogs with calm, stable, and predictable temperaments are preferred, as they must remain focused and composed in various environments and situations.
• Size: Service dogs come in various sizes depending on the tasks they will perform. Larger breeds may be suitable for tasks requiring strength and stability, while smaller breeds may be more appropriate for tasks requiring agility or fitting into tight spaces.
• Health: Breeds with a predisposition to certain health issues may not be suitable for service work due to the physical demands of the job. Good service dog breeds typically have a history of good overall health and longevity.
• Adaptability: Service dogs should be adaptable to various environments, including crowded public spaces, loud noises, and changing situations.
• Compatibility with Handler's Needs: The breed's characteristics should align with the specific needs of the individual handler, whether it's for mobility assistance, psychiatric support, hearing assistance, or other specialized tasks.
• Socialization: Breeds that are naturally social and comfortable interacting with different people and animals are often better suited for service work, as they need to accompany their handlers in various social settings.
• Energy Level: Service dog breeds should have an appropriate energy level for the tasks they will perform, whether it involves being active and alert for long periods or remaining calm and focused during extended periods of downtime.

What Do Service Dogs Do?

Service dogs play a vital role in assisting individuals with disabilities by performing a variety of tasks tailored to their specific needs. These tasks can vary depending on the type of disability the handler has and may include:

• Mobility Assistance: Service dogs can assist individuals with mobility impairments by retrieving items, opening doors, turning on lights, and providing stability or balance while walking or standing.
• Medical Alert: Some service dogs are trained to detect changes in their handler's medical condition, such as detecting low or high blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes or alerting to oncoming seizures in individuals with epilepsy.
• Psychiatric Support: Service dogs can provide emotional support and assistance to individuals with psychiatric disabilities, such as PTSD, anxiety disorders, or depression. They may perform tasks such as interrupting self-harming behaviors, providing deep pressure therapy during anxiety or panic attacks, and retrieving medication during episodes.
• Guide Work: Guide dogs, also known as seeing-eye dogs, assist individuals who are blind or visually impaired in navigating their environment safely. They help their handlers avoid obstacles, navigate traffic, and find landmarks or destinations.
• Hearing Assistance: Hearing dogs assist individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing by alerting them to important sounds in their environment, such as doorbells, smoke alarms, or approaching vehicles.

These are just a few examples of the tasks that service dogs can perform to assist their handlers in their daily lives. The tasks they are trained to do depend on the specific needs of the individual handler and the type of disability they have. Service dogs are trained to be reliable, well-behaved, and focused on their tasks, providing invaluable support and enhancing the independence and quality of life of their handlers.

Psychiatric Service Dogs vs. Emotional Support Dogs

PSDs and emotional support dogs both provide essential benefits to their owners, but some key differences are. Psychiatric service dogs are trained specifically to perform tasks that their owner cannot do for themselves.

In contrast, emotional support dogs provide companionship and typically do not have any specific training. While anyone can have an emotional support dog, psychiatric service dogs are only awarded to people with a documented disability. As a result, psychiatric service dogs generally have more access rights than emotional support dogs. However, both types of dogs can provide invaluable assistance and support to their owners.

What Breeds Make the Best Psychiatric Service Dogs?

Different dog breeds have different strengths and weaknesses. Here are some of the best and most preferred service dog breeds:

1. German Shepherd

People who suffer from anxiety require a constant source of stability and calm. A German Shepherd is ideal for this since they are readily trained and incredibly loyal. They help their owners stay grounded when they have an anxiety episode. Because of their size, interested people have to consider whether they can care for an animal this big.

• Lifespan: 9-13 years.
• Temperament: Intelligent, confident, and courageous with a keen sense of duty.
• Color: Typically tan with black saddle, also available in solid black or sable.
• Perfect for: Guide dogs for the visually impaired, mobility assistance dogs, psychiatric service dogs, seizure alert dogs, and diabetic alert dogs.
• Expected full-grown size: Males: 65-90 pounds (29-40 kg) and 24-26 inches (60-65 cm) tall; Females: 50-70 pounds (22-32 kg) and 22-24 inches (55-60 cm) tall.

2. Labrador Retriever

Labrador retrievers are devoted service dogs. Regardless of your attitude, the cheerful, bright, and naturally friendly Labrador Retriever will never get tired of sharing radiant and dependable energy with its owner. They tend to be hyper so they will require regular physical activities.

• Lifespan: 10-12 years
• Temperament: Friendly, outgoing, and high-spirited companions who have more than enough affection to go around for a family looking for a medium-to-large dog.
• Color: Black, yellow, or chocolate.
• Perfect for: Assistance with disabilities, including visual and hearing impairment, therapy work, and companionship.
• Expected full-grown size: Males: 65-80 lbs (29.5-36.3 kg) and 22.5-24.5 inches (57-62 cm) tall, Females: 55-70 lbs (25-31.8 kg) and 21.5-23.5 inches (54.6-59.7 cm) tall.

3. Poodle

Poodles can learn and perform tasks for people with cognitive difficulties. They are perfect for children and adults who have allergies because the poodle doesn't shed as much as other breeds do. They can get big, though, so even if their fur makes them ideal for kids, you still need to ensure their size is appropriate.

• Lifespan: 12-15 years.
• Temperament: Intelligent, alert, active, and trainable.
• Color: Commonly solid colors like black, white, gray, and apricot.
• Perfect for: Assistance with mobility issues, diabetic alert, and therapy work.
• Expected full-grown size: Toy (under 10 inches, 4-6 lbs), Miniature (10 to 15 inches, 10-15 lbs), Standard (over 15 inches, 40-70 lbs).

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4. Golden Retriever

Golden Retrievers make tremendous service dogs for many of the same reasons that Labrador Retrievers do. Goldens are easy-going, friendly dogs that are sure to provide a positive presence, making them particularly great psychiatric service dogs. They are very trainable and great family dogs, making them one of the more popular breeds to have as a both pet or service dog.

• Lifespan: 10-12 years.
• Temperament: Friendly, intelligent, and devoted.
• Color: Shades of gold or cream.
• Perfect for: Assistance, therapy, and emotional support roles.
• Expected full-grown size: Males: 65-75 lbs (29-34 kg) and 23-24 inches (58-61 cm) tall, Females: 55-65 lbs (25-29 kg) and 21.5-22.5 inches (55-57 cm) tall.

5. Bernese Mountain Dog

Bernese Mountain Dogs are known for their calm and friendly demeanor, making them excellent companions for individuals requiring emotional support or assistance. Their intelligence and eagerness to please allow for effective training as service dogs. Moreover, their sturdy physique enables them to perform tasks requiring strength, such as mobility assistance.

• Lifespan: 7-10 years.
• Temperament: Gentle, friendly, and loyal.
• Color: Tri-color (black, white, and rust).
• Perfect for: Emotional support, mobility assistance, and companionship.
• Expected full-grown size: Males 80-115 lbs and 25-27.5 inches tall; Females 70-95 lbs and 23-26 inches tall.

Things to Ask Before Choosing a Service Dog Breed

If you have a disability that significantly affects your daily life and are considering getting a service dog, there are important factors to take into account. Service dogs are specially trained to perform tasks that assist individuals with disabilities in various aspects of their lives. While they can be incredibly helpful, it's crucial to ensure that you're prepared for the responsibility. Here are some key considerations:

How do you qualify for a service dog?

An individual must have a diagnosed mental illness before qualifying for a service dog. They will need a letter from a licensed mental health professional stating that the dog would be beneficial. The patient must also be able to care for the dog and provide proof of vaccinations and obedience training. Once these requirements are met, the individual can begin finding and training a suitable service dog. With the help of a service dog, many people can lead fuller, happier lives.

What size should your service dog be?

When choosing a service dog, size is an important consideration. A smaller dog may be easier to work with for some tasks, such as opening doors or retrieving dropped items. On the other hand, a giant dog may be a better choice for jobs that require more strength, such as pulling a wheelchair. 

Ultimately, the best size for a service dog depends on the individual needs of the person they will be assisting. With that said, most service dogs are between 40 and 70 pounds. This weight range gives them the strength to perform their duties while still small enough to maneuver in tight spaces. Additionally, this size range makes it easier to travel with their handlers.

Do you have a stable living situation?

A service dog needs a safe, comfortable place to call home, and it's essential to be able to provide this before bringing a dog into your life. A dog is a big responsibility, and one of the most important things you need to consider before getting one is whether or not you have a stable living situation.

If you're constantly moving around or don't have a place to call your own, it's probably not the right time to get a dog. However, if you're settled in a safe and welcoming home, you might be ready to take on owning a furry friend. As a service dog, your dog should have easy access to your home and have food and water available.

Do you have the time and energy to train a service dog properly?

Training is essential for both the dog and the handler, and it takes time and patience to do it right. A well-trained service dog can make an enormous difference in someone's routine, but it's essential to ensure that you have the time and energy to train before getting one.

A service dog needs to be trained in basic obedience and specific tasks required in their work. Training can take many months and even years of consistent effort. In addition, service dogs need a great deal of physical exercise – they are working dogs, after all, which means multiple walks or runs every day and regular trips to the dog park or other off-leash areas.

Are you able to care for a dog financially?

Anyone who has ever owned a dog knows that they require care and attention. In addition to needing regular exercise, dogs also need to be fed a high-quality diet and receive regular veterinary care. This can all add up to a significant financial investment.

Before getting a service dog, make sure you can afford all associated costs. Once you have committed, be sure to stick to it. Your dog will depend on you for everything they need, so be prepared to provide them with the care they deserve.

Go Deeper

How Much Does it Cost to Train a Service Dog?

Training a service dog by a professional organization can cost several thousand dollars, typically ranging from $15,000 to $30,000, depending on the specific skills required. In contrast, self-training a service dog can be a more cost-effective option, as it allows individuals to invest their time and effort into the training process, potentially reducing overall expenses.

How to Get a Service Dog

Getting a service dog involves several important steps to ensure that the dog is properly trained and matched to meet the individual's specific needs. Firstly, individuals interested in obtaining a service dog should research and contact reputable service dog organizations or trainers that specialize in the type of assistance needed, whether it's for mobility, psychiatric support, hearing, or medical alert purposes. These organizations often have application processes that require detailed information about the individual's disability, lifestyle, and expectations for the service dog. 

Once accepted into a program, the individual may be placed on a waiting list until a suitable dog becomes available. During this time, they may also be required to participate in training sessions or meet certain requirements set by the organization. 

After being matched with a service dog, the individual will undergo training sessions to learn how to effectively communicate and work with their new canine partner. It's essential to understand that obtaining a service dog is a serious commitment that requires time, dedication, and financial resources for training, care, and ongoing support.

Adopt a Dog

When considering adopting a dog to potentially train as a service dog, it's important to approach the process thoughtfully and with careful consideration. Here are some key points to keep in mind during the breed selection process:

• Temperament: Look for breeds known for their calm, trainable, and adaptable temperaments. Dogs with a naturally steady disposition are generally better suited for service work, as they can remain focused and composed in various environments.
• Size: Consider the size of the dog in relation to the tasks it will need to perform. Larger breeds may be suitable for tasks requiring strength and stability, while smaller breeds may be more appropriate for tasks requiring agility or fitting into tight spaces.
• Health: Prioritize breeds with a history of good overall health and longevity. Avoid breeds with known predispositions to serious health issues that could interfere with their ability to perform service tasks effectively.
• Energy Level: Assess the dog's energy level and match it to the demands of the tasks it will be trained to perform. Service dogs should have an appropriate energy level for their designated role, whether it involves being active and alert for long periods or remaining calm and focused during downtime.
• Socialization: Look for dogs that are naturally social and comfortable interacting with different people and animals. Socialization is crucial for service dogs, as they will need to accompany their handlers in various social settings and remain calm and well-behaved in diverse environments.
• Adaptability: Consider a dog's ability to adapt to various environments, including crowded public spaces, loud noises, and changing situations. Dogs that can easily adjust to new surroundings and remain focused on their tasks are highly desirable for service work.

When adopting a dog to train it as a service dog, it's essential to work with reputable rescue organizations or shelters that can provide information about the dog's background, temperament, and any potential health concerns. Additionally, consider seeking guidance from experienced trainers or service dog organizations to help assess the dog's suitability for service work and provide guidance throughout the training process.

Train Your Service Dog

Training a service dog is a comprehensive process that requires dedication, patience, and consistency. There are several options available for training your service dog, including:

• Self-Training: Some individuals choose to train their service dogs independently, utilizing resources such as books, online videos, and training guides. This option allows for flexibility in training methods and timelines but requires a deep understanding of canine behavior and training techniques.
• Professional Training Programs: Enrolling your service dog in a professional training program led by experienced trainers can provide structured guidance and support throughout the training process. These programs often offer personalized training plans tailored to the specific needs of the handler and dog.
• Service Dog Organizations: Many reputable service dog organizations offer training programs where individuals can acquire a fully trained service dog or receive assistance in training their dog. These organizations typically have established training protocols and experienced trainers who specialize in various types of service dog tasks.
• Online Training Programs: For those seeking flexibility and convenience, online training programs can be a valuable resource. These programs, such as the one offered by Pettable, offer comprehensive training modules, instructional videos, and support materials that guide individuals through the process of training their service dogs. Additionally, some online programs, such as our PSD training program, specialize in training psychiatric service dogs and provide accessible resources for handlers to train their dogs from the comfort of their homes.

Regardless of the training option chosen, it's essential to prioritize positive reinforcement techniques, consistency, and patience throughout the training process. Building a strong bond based on trust and clear communication between the handler and the service dog is key to success. Regular practice, socialization, and exposure to various environments are also vital components of service dog training to ensure the dog can confidently perform its tasks in real-world situations. Additionally, ongoing support from trainers, peers, and service dog organizations can provide valuable guidance and assistance as you navigate the training journey with your service dog.

Can Any Dog Be a Service Dog?

Service dogs are trained to perform specific tasks that assist individuals with disabilities in their daily lives. While many breeds can excel in service work, not every dog is suited for the job. Essential qualities for a service dog include a calm temperament, good obedience skills, and the ability to stay focused in various environments and situations.

Dogs that are aggressive, easily distracted, or prone to anxiety may not be suitable candidates for service dog training. It's important to carefully consider the temperament and personality of a potential service dog to ensure they are well-suited for the specific tasks required to assist their handler.

If you are considering getting a service dog, it's essential to consult with a qualified trainer or service dog organization to assess the suitability of a potential candidate and determine the best fit for your needs. Training a service dog requires a significant commitment of time, resources, and patience, so selecting the right dog is crucial for success.

Frequently Asked Questions about Psychiatric Service Dog Breeds

While a PSD may seem challenging to get, there are many positives to getting one, such as a higher quality of life and the feeling of having a constant companion. Yet, there may still be some questions remaining.

How much does a psychiatric service dog cost?

The cost of a psychiatric service dog can vary depending on the dog's specific breed, training, and needs. However, most service dogs cost between $10,000 and $30,000.

What breed of dog is best for anxiety and depression?

While any dog can provide companionship and love, some breeds are better suited for people suffering from anxiety and depression. Although similar species will work, one of the best breeds for people with these conditions is the Labrador Retriever.

Can my physician prescribe a psychiatric service dog?

It depends on your physician's specialty and the state they practice. Psychiatrists and other mental health providers can prescribe service animals for their patients, but with restrictions.

Do psychiatric service dogs have to be on a leash?

Because of the nature of their work, PSDs must be obedient and be able to follow commands accurately. For this reason, most PSDs are kept on a leash when working to keep both dog and owner safe.

Does insurance cover psychiatric service dogs?

The Americans with Disabilities Act requires businesses to allow service dogs in public places, but no federal law mandates insurance companies to cover their costs. As a result, coverage for PSDs is often excluded from standard insurance plans. 

How long does it take to train psychiatric service dogs?

It takes between one and two years to train a PSD breed in most cases. The first few months of training are spent teaching the dog basic obedience commands and socialization skills.

Are psychiatric service dogs allowed everywhere?

The ADA recognizes PSDs as working service dogs, meaning they are allowed anywhere with their owners, even in places with a 'no pet' policy. A letter or proof of the dog being a PSD may be requested to be shown. It is against the law for someone to ask for demonstrative proof of your disability or the tasks your PSD performs for you.

How can I get a psychiatric service dog for PTSD?

You can contact a service dog organization, apply to have a dog bred specifically for you, or adopt rescue dogs and train them yourself.